SCIENCE MUNDI (Multidisciplinary Universal Nucleus for Dissemination of Innovation and Research in the Sciences), is a dynamic and diverse peer-reviewed journal at the forefront of scientific inquiry. A journal under AJER Publishing, our mission is to expedite the dissemination of groundbreaking research across a wide spectrum of social, pure, and applied science disciplines. We pride ourselves on upholding the highest standards of academic rigor, with all submissions rigorously evaluated through a double-blind peer review process. Accepted articles are promptly published under an open-access model, ensuring that the fruits of scholarly exploration are accessible to all. Our criteria for publication include a demonstration of originality, a solid scientific foundation, and relevance to the existing body of literature. At Science Mundi, we have an ongoing commitment to the global scientific community. We invite submissions on a rolling basis, with accepted manuscripts featured in our current biannual issue. Our publication format is exclusively electronic, available in PDF form. Each published work is furnished with a unique Document Object Identifier (DOI) for easy citation and retrieval. Furthermore, we take pride in ensuring that our content is promptly indexed for maximal visibility and accessibility.
Role of telemedicine platforms in the northern zone regional hospitals' healthcare services delivery: A case of northern zone regional hospitals
This study examines the role of telemedicine platforms in the Northern Zone regional hospitals' healthcare services delivery in Northern Zone regional hospitals in Tanzania. Guided by the Systems Theory, the study adopted a pragmatic research philosophy, employing a mixed research approach and a case study design covering Haydom Lutheran Hospital, Mawenzi Regional Referral Hospital, and Mount Meru Hospital. A total of 176 respondents were selected using purposive and stratified sampling techniques, and data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, and documentary reviews. Quantitative data were analysed using IBM SPSS, with descriptive statistics and regression analysis, while qualitative data were analysed using content analysis. The study revealed that telemedicine platforms improve access to healthcare services, enhance service quality, and increase efficiency in service delivery. The study concluded that digital platforms play a vital role in enhancing healthcare delivery in Northern Zone hospitals. This study recommended that hospitals strengthen telemedicine, invest in training and infrastructure, and adopt supportive policies. Further studies should examine long-term impacts, barriers to adoption, and comparative analyses across regions to optimize digital healthcare services.
Copyright (c) 2026 Christopher Venance, Restituter Kingili https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Maternal individual determinants of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes among pastoralist women in Marsabit County, Kenya
Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes remain a major public health challenge globally, with Sub-Saharan Africa carrying a disproportionate burden. Pastoralist populations face additional barriers to care due to nomadic lifestyles, cultural practices, and limited access to health services, yet evidence on maternal-individual determinants in these settings remains limited. To examine maternal-individual determinants of adverse maternal and neonatal pregnancy outcomes among pastoralist women of reproductive age in Marsabit County, Kenya. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 422 women aged 15–49 years with documented pregnancy outcomes from four major hospitals in Marsabit County. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS v27, with chi-square tests and binary logistic regression performed to identify independent determinants. Qualitative data were coded thematically using NVivo. Results: Twenty-one percent of participants reported at least one adverse maternal or neonatal outcome, with low birth weight and preterm delivery accounting for 64.2% of cases. Significant determinants included planning for pregnancy (OR=0.309, p=0.044), birth preparedness (OR=0.445, p=0.008), early ANC initiation in the first trimester (OR=0.238, p=0.018), maternal age (OR=0.575, p<0.0001), and primiparity (OR=3.529, p<0.0001). The findings show that maternal-individual determinants strongly influence adverse pregnancy outcomes in pastoralist communities. Interventions promoting pregnancy planning, birth preparedness, and early ANC attendance, alongside adolescent pregnancy prevention and support for first-time mothers, are urgently needed.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maryline A. Obenga , David Masinde , Peter Omemo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Three-dimensional numerical simulation, sensitivity analysis, and practical implications for crude oil pipeline flow
*]:pointer-events-auto R6Vx5W_threadScrollVars scroll-mb-[calc(var(--scroll-root-safe-area-inset-bottom,0px)+var(--thread-response-height))] scroll-mt-[calc(var(--header-height)+min(200px,max(70px,20svh)))]" dir="auto" data-turn-id="request-6a6db0c7-df74-83ea-8663-600cf88b8e57-12" data-turn-id-container="request-6a6db0c7-df74-83ea-8663-600cf88b8e57-12" data-testid="conversation-turn-26" data-turn="assistant"> This paper presents comprehensive three-dimensional numerical simulations of crude oil flow in pipelines using the finite element method to investigate the effects of inlet velocity, fluid viscosity, pipe diameter, and bend curvature on flow behavior and energy consumption. The validated Navier–Stokes solver with k-epsilon turbulence model is employed. Results show that pressure drop increases linearly with velocity in laminar flow and as U^1.75 in turbulent flow; doubling velocity increases pumping power by a factor of 6.4. Bitumen (μ = 0.5 Pa·s) experiences 43 times higher pressure drop than light crude (μ = 0.001 Pa·s) at the same flow rate. Pressure drop scales as D^-5 at constant flow rate; increasing diameter from 0.5 m to 0.8 m reduces annual energy costs by 94%. Long-radius bends (Rc/D ≥ 3) reduce bend losses by 50–60% compared to short-radius bends, following the correlation K = 0.21(Rc/D)^-0.5. Sensitivity analysis identifies inlet velocity as the most influential parameter (SU = 1.78), and uncertainty quantification yields a combined uncertainty of ±15.3% in pressure drop predictions. These findings provide quantitative guidance for pipeline design, operation, and cost optimization.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sarah Khaindi Wandabwa, David Angwenyi, Frankline Tireito https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
A Study of orthogonal projectors and their fundamental properties in Hilbert spaces
This paper presents a systematic study of orthogonal projectors in Hilbert spaces and examines their fundamental properties within the framework of functional analysis. Basic concepts related to projectors, orthogonal complements, convex subsets, and direct sums are reviewed and developed. The existence and uniqueness of best approximations from closed convex subsets of a Hilbert space are established using the parallelogram law. The projection theorem is then proved, showing that every element of a Hilbert space H can be uniquely decomposed into the sum of an element of a closed subspace M and an element of its orthogonal complement M⊥. As a consequence, the identity M⊥⊥ = M is established for every closed linear subspace M. Additional characterizations of dense subspaces through orthogonality conditions are presented. The results provide a theoretical foundation for applications in numerical analysis, linear algebra, approximation theory, Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization, QR decomposition, and orthogonal polynomial theory.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hillary Amonyela Isabu, Kevin Alwanyi Shilaviga, Violet Agala Khaveri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determinants of purchasing decisions for online promoted products among marketing students at Tanzania Institute of Accountancy
Advancements in science and technology have shifted product purchasing behavior from physical shops to digital shopping platforms. However, little is known about the determinants of online purchasing decisions among marketing students in higher education who have been exposed to digital e-commerce skills. Specifically, the study explored the type of online-promoted products experienced by higher education students, examined the determinants for higher education students’ decisions to purchase online, and explored the challenges higher education students encounter when purchasing online. The study employed mixed approaches; quantitatively and qualitatively where by descriptive designs and focus group discussions established. Data were collected through questionnaires distributed to three bachelor’s degree classes (all bachelor degree levels) of marketing from Tanzania Institute of Accountancy who were not only potential customers for online-promoted product but also have adequate knowledge for judging the purchasing activities and those questionnaire supported with focus group discussion. This study was informed the theory of planned behavior. Data collected subjected to inferential, descriptive, and content analysis techniques. The study found that the nature of the product itself, pricing, and promotion channel; specifically digital platforms, determined the students’ purchasing decisions. The highly purchased products online were shoes, clothes, and electronics, compared to other products like food, furniture, and housewares, which suggests that online purchasing is type-dependent. Despite the exposure to digital and online platforms, some students in higher learning institutions are still reluctant to engage in online purchasing due to the product, digital, and security factors. Such a situation is a threat to the digital economy’s desire because such a group of educated people was expected to serve as ambassadors and key actors in the digital economic transformation. From this conclusion, it is recommended for awareness creation on the advantages of online purchasing, a legal framework to ensure the security of transactions, and product quality. Similarly, the shoes, clothes, and online sellers should capitalize on the online platforms, targeting higher learning students in particular. However, other products’ promotion should improve their strategies to meet the online consumers’ desires. Further study may compare the product’s price for online and physically promoted goods.
Copyright (c) 2026 Moses Shilla https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluation of techniques used in the delivery of CPD programmes for TVET trainers in Uganda
The TVET sub-sector in Uganda recognizes CPD as vital for sustaining trainer competencies. This study used a pragmatist stance. This study evaluated techniques used in the delivery of Continuous Professional Development (CPD) programmes for Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) trainers in Uganda. The study was guided by Adult Learning Theory and the Kirkpatrick Evaluation Model and adopted a concurrent mixed-methods research design. The target population comprised TVET trainers and administrators in institutions implementing CPD programmes, together with key stakeholders involved in CPD planning and implementation. The study involved 204 TVET staff and 10 key informants from the Ministry of Education and Sports and Education Development Partners. Quantitative data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analysed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression, while qualitative data were analysed thematically. Findings showed high agreement that CPD programmes employed learner-centred and practical techniques, particularly Information and Communication Technology (ICT) engagement, practice platforms, training others, mentorship and baseline skills assessment. Regression analysis showed that the delivery techniques explained 6.0% of the variance in the selected CPD outcome (R² = 0.060; adjusted R² = 0.018); however, the overall model was not statistically significant, F(9, 194) = 1.42, p = .182. The study concludes that CPD programmes employ several appropriate learner-centred techniques, but their combined contribution to the selected outcome is limited. It recommends strengthening CPD needs assessment, learner-centred and practical delivery, institutional support, feedback and systematic post-training follow-up to enhance the application of acquired competencies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Innocent Kemigisha, Simon Wanami, Wesley Mutai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of Mathematica Software on Mathematics Self-Efficacy and Achievement among Engineering Students in TVET Institutions in Western Kenya
This study investigated the effect of integrating Mathematica software (MS), compared with Conventional Mathematics Instruction (CMI), on mathematics academic achievement and self-efficacy among diploma engineering students in Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions in Western Kenya. The study sought to analyze the effect of Mathematica software on students’ mathematics self-efficacy and academic achievement. The study was conducted among diploma engineering students undertaking a common mathematics course in selected TVET institutions across four counties in Western Kenya. A total of 239 students from intact classes participated in the study and were assigned to four groups using the Solomon Four-Group quasi-experimental design. The experimental groups received Mathematica-integrated instruction, while the control groups received Conventional Mathematics Instruction. Data were collected using a mathematics achievement test and a mathematics self-efficacy questionnaire. The self-efficacy instrument was validated by experts and its reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), post-hoc comparisons, and multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), with gender controlled in the multivariate analysis. The findings revealed a statistically significant difference in mathematics achievement across the four instructional groups, F(3,235) = 157.249, p < .001. Post-hoc comparisons showed that both Mathematica groups achieved significantly higher scores than both Conventional Mathematics Instruction groups. The MANCOVA showed a statistically significant multivariate effect of instructional group on the combined outcomes of mathematics achievement and self-efficacy, Pillai’s Trace = .888, F(6,466) = 62.347, p < .001, partial η² = .444. Follow-up analyses showed significant instructional-group effects on mathematics achievement and mathematics self-efficacy. Gender did not have a statistically significant overall multivariate effect on the combined outcomes. The study concludes that Mathematica-integrated instruction is a promising approach for enhancing mathematics academic achievement and self-efficacy among engineering students in TVET institutions when appropriately integrated into teaching and learning.
Copyright (c) 2026 Henry Nathan Wati, Martin M.S. Wanjala, Catherine M. Muhonja https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Classroom management competences as predictors of online teaching effectiveness in TVET institutions in Uganda
Online TVET learning enables trainees to access education remotely through digital communication technologies, including virtual classrooms. However, effective online teaching requires not only appropriate digital technologies and instructional content but also trainers with competencies to manage virtual learning environments. While previous studies have emphasized online content design, learning management systems, and digital readiness, comparatively limited attention has been given to classroom management competence in online TVET delivery. This study examined classroom management competence as a predictor of online teaching effectiveness among TVET trainers in Uganda. The study adopted a positivist research paradigm and used quantitative data from a mixed-methods parent study. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire administered through KoboToolbox from participants in seven TVET institutions across Uganda. A multi-stage sampling approach combining stratified and random sampling was used, resulting in 471 valid responses comprising 196 trainers and 275 trainees. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in RStudio. Independent-samples t-tests were used to examine differences in classroom management competence between online-savvy and non-online-savvy participants, while Ordinary Least Squares regression was used to determine predictors of online teaching effectiveness. The findings showed significant differences in classroom management competence across the dimensions assessed between online-savvy and non-online-savvy participants. Classroom management competence had a strong positive relationship with online teaching effectiveness and emerged as the strongest predictor in the regression model (β = 0.66, p < .001). The model explained 54.2% of the variation in online teaching effectiveness (R² = 0.542). Trainer experience, education level, digital exposure, field of specialization, and institutional factors also contributed significantly to online teaching effectiveness. Trainers in practical fields such as Electrical Installation Systems and Maintenance and Electronics showed lower levels of online teaching effectiveness. The study concludes that classroom management competence is an important component of effective online TVET delivery and should be integrated into trainer professional development alongside digital and pedagogical competencies. Keywords:
Copyright (c) 2026 Kisu Mohammed Aata, Hoseah Kiplagat, Jafred Muyaka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Use and perceived effectiveness of health information dissemination channels in secondary schools in Morogoro Region, Tanzania
This study investigated the health information channels utilised by secondary school students in the Morogoro Region, Tanzania, assessed students’ perceptions of channel effectiveness, and analysed how these perceptions influence channel use in accessing health information. The research was guided by Media Richness Theory and employed a cross-sectional mixed-methods design. The selected schools had a total population of 4,752 students. From the selected classes, 800 students constituted the sampling frame. The sample size of 271 was determined using Yamane's formula. Thereafter, proportionate sampling was used to allocate respondents to each school in proportion to its student population, ensuring fair representation. Finally, systematic random sampling was employed to select individual students from class registers because it provided an efficient and unbiased method for selecting participants after determining the required sample size for each school. Structured questionnaires collected quantitative data, while interviews and focus group discussions elicited students’ voices and experiences. The quantitative findings were analysed using descriptive statistics, Analysis of Variance [ANOVA], Duncan's Multiple Range Test, and multiple linear regression in IBM SPSS Statistics. Meanwhile, thematic analysis of the qualitative data added depth and context to the numbers. The findings indicated that students primarily received health information from peers and teachers. Face-to-face communication and printed materials emerged as the most frequently used and most effective channels. Regression analysis demonstrated that students who perceived a channel as effective were more likely to utilise face-to-face communication, printed materials, radio, and television. Channels that were trusted, easily accessible, and perceived as effective were preferred, whereas digital platforms were used less frequently due to limited access and lower levels of trust. The study concludes that peers and teachers were the most frequently consulted sources of health information among secondary school students, whereas health experts were the least used. In addition, the findings reveal that face-to-face communication was the most commonly used channel for accessing health information, followed by printed materials and radio. Furthermore, the study found that printed materials and face-to-face communication were perceived as the most effective channels for disseminating health information. In contrast, modern channels such as mobile phones and social media were used less frequently and perceived as less effective at disseminating health information. The results indicated that students were highly using face-to-face, printed, and radio. The study recommends improving face-to-face health education in schools, providing higher-quality printed health materials, supporting peer health education groups, involving more school health staff, and making digital health platforms easier to access and more trustworthy. These actions can help students get reliable health information, make better health decisions, and improve their well-being. The study also adds new evidence on how students’ views of effectiveness influence their use of health information channels in Tanzania.
Copyright (c) 2026 Anna Kimaro, Philbert Nyinondi, Wulystan Mtega, Ronald Benard https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Occupational footwear, musculoskeletal pain and agency among professional women in Cape Coast and Sekondi Takoradi
Workplace footwear expectations can place professional women in a difficult position, particularly where a polished appearance is linked to heeled shoes despite growing evidence of musculoskeletal harm. In Ghana, little empirical attention has been given to how such expectations affect women’s health, agency and use of workplace protection mechanisms. This study examined occupational footwear expectations, musculoskeletal pain, perceived choice, legal awareness and entrepreneurial responses among women in the legal, banking, education and entrepreneurial sectors in Cape Coast and Sekondi Takoradi, Ghana. This study is anchored in three complementary perspectives, Social Role Theory, Cognitive Dissonance Theory and intersectional feminist thought, which together explain the structural, psychological and positional dimensions of occupational footwear practice. A convergent parallel mixed methods design was used. Quantitative data were collected from 400 women across the four sectors (91 legal, 138 banking, 101 education and 70 entrepreneurial), and semi-structured interviews were conducted with 40 participants to explore lived experiences, coping strategies and perceptions of workplace expectations. Survey data were analysed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests and logistic regression, and interview data were analysed using thematic analysis. Overall, 323 respondents (80.8 percent) reported at least one form of musculoskeletal pain, with the highest prevalence among banking (90.6 percent) and legal (86.8 percent) workers and the lowest among education workers (65.3 percent). Ankle and foot pain was the most common complaint (56.8 percent), and 202 respondents (50.5 percent) considered their pain definitely or probably related to footwear, rising to 313 (78.2 percent) when possible attribution was included. Mean pain scores differed significantly across sectors (F = 5.77, p = .001), being highest in banking (6.01) and legal work (5.80). Although only 141 respondents (35.2 percent) were aware of the Labour Act 2003 (Act 651), 189 (47.2 percent) had discussed footwear discomfort with an employer or human resource officer and 213 (53.2 percent) had requested some form of accommodation, indicating that women addressed discomfort mainly through informal rather than legal channels. The interviews showed that footwear expectations were enforced through both formal dress codes and informal professional judgement, that women rationalised discomfort as a cost of professionalism, and that entrepreneurs perceived a growing but under-served demand for comfortable professional footwear. The study concludes that occupational footwear expectations represent a preventable workplace health concern shaped by organisational norms, gendered professional identity, limited legal mobilisation and unequal access to ergonomic footwear. The study recommends that employers and professional bodies, especially in the banking and legal sectors, revise dress codes to accept safe flat or low-heeled footwear, establish confidential channels through which women can request footwear-related accommodation, reframe such discomfort as a legitimate occupational health and safety concern under the Labour Act 2003 (Act 651), and support local entrepreneurs to supply affordable ergonomic professional footwear.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sophia Brient, Comfort Arthur, Hellen Edzeani, Esther Twumasi, Degbortse Mercy Darlene https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Between democratic aspirations and authoritarian resilience: A political economy analysis of elections and regime dynamics in Africa, 1991-2024
This paper offers a political economy analysis of democracy and electoral politics in Africa from the post-Cold War democratisation wave of 1991 to 2024. It contends that the continent's political trajectory is best understood not as a linear transition toward liberal democracy but as a persistent tension between democratic aspirations and authoritarian resilience. Over three decades, democratisation waves have given way to stagnation and reversal, producing uneven political landscapes. Contextual within the framework of political economy, the paper interrogates the resurgence of democratic backsliding, manifested in military coups, constitutional manipulation, and the erosion of term limits, situating these within a broader framework of reconfigured power and popular disillusionment. Coups in West and Central Africa, alongside third-term bids by long-serving presidents, exemplify this retreat from earlier democratic gains. Drawing on comparative case study design, the analysis demonstrates that Africa's political landscape has evolved into a spectrum of hybrid regimes, marked by the coexistence of electoral competition and autocratic practices ranging from flawed democracies to competitive authoritarian systems where elections legitimise incumbents. Also, the analysis shows that resource management, elite competition, and the weakness of programmatic political parties’ shape developmental outcomes across regime types. Specifically, natural resource wealth often fuels patronage, elite fragmentation can either enable democratic openings or trigger conflict, and non-programmatic parties hinder coherent policy formulation. The paper concludes that the strength of democratic institutions, especially accountability mechanisms and genuine electoral competitiveness, remains a more decisive determinant of Africa's developmental trajectory than natural resource endowments or the mere occurrence of elections. It recommends that fostering institutional quality, rather than routine elections, should be the priority for advancing democracy and development in Africa.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gbensuglo Alidu Bukari, Mathew Lobnibe Arah, Musah Ibrahim Mordzeh-Ekpampo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Epistemological frameworks of thesis proposal defence: Students’ positionality
This study examined the epistemological underpinnings of thesis proposal defence, with particular attention to how postgraduate students construct and negotiate their positionality within evaluative academic contexts. Rooted in an interpretivist paradigm and employing a qualitative phenomenological design, the study was informed by sociocultural theory (Vygotsky, 1978) to explore how social interaction, institutional support, and evaluative practices shape students’ experiences during proposal defence. Data were generated through semi-structured interviews with four second-year Mphil and three first-year PhD students who had undergone proposal defence at a public University in Ghana. The findings suggest that proposal defence is a socially mediated process shaped by institutional expectations, interpersonal interactions, and power relations rather than a straightforward assessment of research competence. Participants’ experiences of progression, preparedness, and academic legitimacy were influenced by the quality of supervisory support, their ability to engage effectively with evaluative interactions, and their familiarity with academic expectations. The study further suggests that students’ positionality is dynamic and develops through participation in academic practices and interactions with supervisors and evaluators. Based on these findings, the study proposes a sociocultural understanding of postgraduate proposal defence, emphasizing the role of social mediation, academic participation, and institutional support in shaping students’ experiences and identity development. The study recommends more transparent, equitable, and development-oriented evaluative practices that support postgraduate students’ academic growth within higher education contexts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sakina Afrakoma, Justice Abakah-Korsah, Emmanuel Boateng, Nana Abena Kyem Ampomah, Dr. Francis Tabiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of leak detection system on reducing non-revenue water losses in Tanzania: A case of Rombo water supply and sanitation authority
For water utilities, non-revenue water (NRW) presents a serious problem that impacts both operational effectiveness and long-term financial viability. This study examines how NRW losses in ROMBOWSSA can be decreased by using wireless networks in conjunction with smart leak detection and acoustic sensors. The study employs DeLone and McLean IS Success Model to evaluate how technological performance directly mitigates water losses at ROMBOWASA. Population size was 30719 that includes customer/water users and employees (150) from ROMBOWSSA. The study used Random sampling to obtain a sample of 395 participants. The study employs cross sectional research design. Structured questionnaires were used to gather data, and multiple regression analysis and descriptive statistics were used for analysis. The results show that Smart Leak Detection is the most significant predictor of NRW reduction (B = 0.764, Beta = 0.764, p < 0.001), while Acoustic Sensors also contribute positively (Beta = 0.153, p < 0.001). Together, these technologies explain 76.4% of the variation in NRW reduction, highlighting their effectiveness in enhancing leak detection, timely repairs, and operational efficiency. The study concludes that adopting advanced leak detection systems is a practical strategy for minimizing water losses, optimizing resource allocation, and promoting sustainable water management in ROMBOWSSA and similar utilities. The study suggests that ROMBO-WASSA prioritize investment in leak detection systems, implement data analytics tools for predictive and real-time decision-making, and integrate smart metering with billing systems. It also suggests that staff members receive ongoing training and capacity building.
Copyright (c) 2026 Christopher Venance, Eugen M. Justin https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
External financing and solar energy investment growth in Kenya: empirical evidence from a vector error correction model
Kenya's renewable energy agenda has increasingly identified solar power as a cornerstone for addressing growing electricity demand and attaining universal energy access by 2030. Yet the trajectory and sustainability of the solar sector depend substantially on external financial inflows, notably external loans and Official Development Assistance (ODA). This study investigates the nexus between external loans, ODA, and solar energy investment expansion in Kenya, drawing on time-series data spanning 2010 to 2024. The research is grounded in three theoretical lenses—Neoclassical Growth Theory, Financial Market Theory of Development, and Dutch Disease Theory—and adopts a quantitative approach using secondary data obtained from the World Bank, International Monetary Fund, Kenya National Bureau of Statistics, and the International Renewable Energy Agency. The analytical strategy encompasses descriptive statistics, unit root testing, Johansen cointegration analysis, a Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), Instrumental Variable Quantile Regression (IVQR), and System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM), with diagnostic checks conducted to confirm model validity. The results show that all variables are integrated of order one, I(1), and that a stable long-run equilibrium relationship exists between external financing and solar energy investment growth. In the long run, both external loans (coefficient: 0.41) and ODA (coefficient: 0.54) exert positive effects on solar investment, with ODA demonstrating a relatively larger contribution. These relationships remain statistically meaningful in the short run, while the error correction term (-0.58) indicates that roughly 58% of short-term deviations from equilibrium are adjusted within a one-year period. The IVQR estimates further reveal that the influence of external financing intensifies at higher quantiles of solar investment growth, pointing to absorptive capacity as a critical conditioning factor. Diagnostic evaluations confirm that the VECM satisfies assumptions of normality, homoscedasticity, absence of serial correlation, and overall stability. Based on these findings, the study concludes that both external loans and ODA are significant drivers of solar energy investment growth in Kenya. It recommends that the Government of Kenya strengthen transparency and accountability mechanisms in the deployment of external loans and ODA, bolster institutional capacity for effective project execution, ensure donor interventions are coherent with national energy priorities, and adopt prudent debt management frameworks to safeguard long-term energy sector sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jonathan Kipruto, Edwin Jairus Simiyu, Angela Mungai https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Environmental factors and extension services influencing maize production among smallholder farmers: a case study of Bungoma-North Sub-County, Kenya
Maize production is a critical aspect of agriculture, especially in developing countries where it contributes significantly to food security and rural development. This study investigated the environmental determinants and extension service factors impacting maize yields among smallholder farmers in Bungoma-North Sub County, Bungoma County, Kenya. The study examined the role of environmental factors such as climate variability, temperature changes, and rainfall patterns, as well as the influence of agricultural extension services in facilitating the adoption of modern farming techniques to enhance food security. The study employed a survey research design with a target population of 10,548 smallholder maize farming households. A sample of 318 respondents was selected using stratified and purposive sampling techniques. Questionnaires, interview schedules, and secondary data were used as research instruments. Pilot testing was conducted in the neighboring Mukuyuni location, and test-retest reliability was established. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) through descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Findings revealed that environmental factors accounted for 51.2% (R² = .512, p < .05) of maize production variance, with erratic weather patterns being the most significant challenge. Extension services significantly influenced production, explaining 52.2% (R² = .522, p < .05) of the variation. Over 88% of farmers strongly agreed that rainfall variability had increased, and 86.5% affirmed that environmental factors had influenced annual yield levels. While over half of respondents reported receiving extension visits, 73% faced significant challenges in accessing extension services. The study concludes that both environmental adaptation strategies and strengthened extension service delivery are critical for improving maize production among smallholder farmers. The findings provide baseline information that can be used by researchers, agricultural officers, and government authorities to encourage farmers to adopt climate-smart agricultural practices and enhance extension service accessibility for improved food security.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mercy Nafula Kombe, Rose Onamu, Lydia Wamocha https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Influence of socio-cultural factors on employability intentions among female students of management in Nepal
The growing employability and wider reach of management education have increased the enrollment of female students in business programs in Nepal. Although female participation in professional roles has increased in recent years, socio- cultural factors remain inherent in shaping career aspirations in the Nepalese context. This paper attempts to examine the socio-cultural factors influencing the employability intentions of female management students in Nepal. Guided by Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) and Theory of Planned Behavior, a descriptive study was conducted among 162 female students studying a management program in the Bhadrapur region of Nepal. The responses of students studying Bachelor of Business Administration [BBA], Bachelor of Business Studies [BBS], and Master of Business Studies [MBS] were collected through a structured questionnaire. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.[SPSS] is used for analyzing the collected data. Descriptive statistics are used to analyze respondents’ demographic characteristics, and Chi-Square analysis is performed to examine the significant association of socio-cultural factors with career choice. The majority of students desired to work as employees after completing a bachelor's-level education. Banks, financial institutions, and government organizations were among the most sought-after fields for employment. The majority of female students opted to complete a Master’s level as the highest level of educational achievement. Personal interest, salary, job security, and work-life balance were among the primary considerations while choosing employment. This study concluded that parents, friends, and teachers were significantly influential in the career choices of female students. The findings of the study offer important updates for higher education’s service providers and policymakers to develop institutional support and educational competencies for promoting sustainable employment opportunities among female graduates. This study recommended that universities, government, and policymakers should motivate female students to explore other sectors for employment beyond banking and financial institutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Sagar Pokhrel, Sujan Parajuli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Strategic management and Tanzania's national budget 2026/27: A reflective analysis
National budgets are more than fiscal statements; they are strategic instruments that reflect a government’s priorities, development aspirations, and commitment to translating policy intentions into meaningful socio-economic outcomes. This paper presents a reflective analysis of Tanzania’s National Budget 2026/27 from a strategic management perspective. Anchored in key strategic management principles (strategic goal alignment, Medium-Term Expenditure Frameworks (MTEF), performance-based budgeting, resource mobilisation and allocation, fiscal sustainability, risk management, stakeholder engagement, and transparency); the paper explores how the budget is positioned to support the country’s long-term development agenda. The analysis reveals that the 2026/27 budget represents a deliberate attempt to strengthen economic resilience while promoting inclusive growth through strategic investments in infrastructure, human capital development, digital transformation, industrialisation, and the delivery of public services. Equally important are the measures aimed at expanding domestic revenue mobilisation, improving expenditure efficiency, and enhancing fiscal discipline, all of which are critical to achieving sustainable development. Viewed through a strategic management lens, the budget reflects an increasing emphasis on results-oriented governance, where public resources are expected to generate tangible socio-economic value. Beyond offering a reflective assessment, this paper contributes to the growing discourse on public financial management by demonstrating how strategic management principles provide a useful framework for interpreting national budgets and assessing their alignment with broader development priorities. In doing so, it extends existing understanding of the strategic role of budgeting in public sector governance and offers practical insights for policymakers and public managers seeking to strengthen the link between fiscal policy, implementation, and national transformation. The paper argues that while Tanzania’s National Budget 2026/27 provides a solid strategic foundation for sustainable development, the realisation of its ambitions will ultimately depend on effective implementation, institutional coordination, accountability, and continuous performance monitoring.
Copyright (c) 2026 CRN Charles Raphael https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Implementation of the Standards-Based Curriculum in Ghanaian Senior High Schools: Professional Learning Communities and Teachers’ Self-Efficacy
This study examined the influence of professional learning community (PLC) engagement on teachers’ self-efficacy in implementing the Standards-Based Curriculum (SBC) in Ghanaian Senior High Schools. The study was anchored in the integration of social cognitive theory and sociocultural theory. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was adopted within a quantitative research approach. The study population comprised all 480 teachers from twelve public Senior High Schools in the Central Region of Ghana. A census method was used, involving all 480 teachers, of whom 468 successfully completed and returned the questionnaire, representing a response rate of 97.50%. Data were collected using a structured closed-ended questionnaire adapted from validated instruments. The collected data were coded, entered, and cleaned using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27. Descriptive statistics including frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the demographic characteristics. Following data screening and preparation, the hypothesised model was analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS version 4.1.1.4. The results indicated that there was a statistically significant positive influence of PLCs on teachers’ self-efficacy in implementing the SBC. Senior High Schools teachers’ engagement in professional learning communities is essential for enhancing their self-efficacy and improving the effective implementation of the SBC in Ghanaian Senior High Schools. The study concluded that effective professional learning communities strengthen teachers’ self-efficacy by providing collaborative learning opportunities, supportive professional relationships, and organisational conditions that enhance teachers’ capacity to implement the SBC successfully. It is therefore recommended that the Ghana Education Service, Regional and District Education Directorates, and Senior High School administrators should strengthen professional learning communities by promoting collaborative professional learning, meaningful teacher participation in instructional decision-making, supportive professional cultures, and organisational structures that facilitate continuous teacher development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Gabriel Kwasi Aboagye, Daniel Kweku Anhwere, Emmanuel Quayson, Akua Tiwaa Buabeng-Boateng, Rejoice Apagyiwa Inkoom, Benjamin Asiedu-Boamah, Nancy Albertha Ocrah, Hawa Adams https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effect of project planning practices on project performance in Rwanda: A case of Kigali Infrastructure Project implemented by NPD Ltd.
Project planning plays a critical role in improving project performance by ensuring the effective management of scope, schedule, and resources throughout the project lifecycle. However, delays, cost overruns, and implementation challenges continue to affect infrastructure projects in Rwanda, necessitating an assessment of project planning practices. This study examined the effect of project planning on the performance of the Kigali Infrastructure Project implemented by NPD Ltd. This study used descriptive and correlational research design with quantitative and qualitative approach. The study population was 294 including managerial staff, field officers and stakeholders of NPD Ltd. The Slovin’s formula was used to determine the appropriate sample size. This was due to the fact that it provided a straightforward approach for calculating the specific number of participants required for the study. This calculation compared to the formula gives a representative sample of 170 for the study. This study used simple random sampling. In this sampling method, every individual in the population has an equal chance of being selected. The research relied on documentation, interviews, and questionnaires to collect data. The content validity of the questionnaires was evaluated through the Content Validity Index. The study instrument's dependability was evaluated by calculating Cronbach's alpha. The researcher used SPSS version 29 to calculate percentages, means, correlations, and regression. The model summary indicates the R value of .886 indicates a very strong correlation between the combined predictors and project performance. The findings revealed that scope planning, schedule planning, and resource planning had positive and statistically significant effects on project performance. The regression model explained 78.6% of the variation in project performance (R² = 0.786), with schedule planning exerting the greatest influence. The study concludes that effective project planning significantly enhances project performance through improved coordination, timely implementation, and efficient utilization of project resources. The study recommends that NPD Ltd prioritize the implementation of automated project management software to strengthen real-time scope and schedule monitoring, invest in continuous training on advanced scheduling techniques, conduct stakeholder validation during scope planning, and establish a resource forecasting unit to improve project planning and overall project performance.
Copyright (c) 2026 Januario Bizimana, Bashaija Wilson https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Barriers to effective tuberculosis patient management in Kitui Central Sub-County, Kitui County, Kenya: A cross-sectional analysis of treatment delay and default
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major global public health challenge, particularly in low- and middle-income settings where multiple, interacting barriers continue to undermine effective disease control. This study assessed the determinants of barriers to effective TB management in Kitui Central Sub-County, Kenya, focusing on treatment initiation delay, treatment default, and TB prevention and control strategies. The study was guided by the Health Belief Model, complemented by the Andersen Behavioral Model of Health Services Use. An analytical cross-sectional design was adopted, drawing a sample of 399 TB patients aged 15 years and above from eight purposively selected high-burden health facilities, using stratified systematic random sampling. Data were collected through structured, interviewer-administered questionnaires and analyzed in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 29 and R using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression, with crude and adjusted odds ratios (COR/AOR) reported at the 95% confidence level. The results showed that 42.9% of respondents delayed initiating TB treatment after diagnosis. Being diagnosed at the first health facility visited was the strongest predictor of delay (AOR = 6.924, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.812–36.782, p = 0.004), while male sex increased the odds of delay (AOR/OR = 1.87, p = 0.018) and employment was protective (OR = 0.40, p < 0.001). For treatment default, 39.2% of respondents discontinued treatment; income level was the strongest predictor, with a marked "income paradox" in which middle- and higher-income respondents were more likely to default (OR = 6.99, p < 0.001) than the lowest-income group, while employment again conferred protection (OR = 0.40, p < 0.001) and single marital status increased default risk. Model diagnostics confirmed good fit (Hosmer–Lemeshow p > 0.05 for both models) and no problematic multicollinearity (VIF < 5), with Nagelkerke R² of 0.177 for the delay model and 0.122 for the default model. TB prevention and control assessment revealed strong facility-based interventions (Directly Observed Treatment, Short-course [DOTS] availability 91.3%; free drugs 97.4%) alongside markedly weaker community-based interventions (household contact tracing 37.0%; community outreach 28.6%). The study concludes that barriers to TB management in Kitui Central Sub-County are stage-specific: treatment initiation is shaped primarily by behavioral and health-system factors, while treatment continuation is shaped primarily by socio-economic and social-support factors. The study recommends strengthening intramural diagnosis-to-treatment linkages, reducing indirect financial barriers to care, adopting flexible and gender-responsive service delivery models, and integrating social protection and community health system strengthening into TB control programming.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jeffrey Munuve Muluvi, Ondimu Thomas Orindi, Tarasisio Ndwiga, Paul Musango https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
People with disabilities in the Temeke Municipal Council in Tanzania: Narratives of accessing soft loans
In Tanzania, several initiatives aim to empower People with Disabilities (PwDs) to access soft loans, amounting to 2% of the local government annual revenue. However, some PwDs are unable to access loans due to procedures that subject them to poverty. Therefore, this study assessed the processes PwDs undergo to access 2% of the soft loan in the Temeke Municipal Council. The study used the Social Constructionism Theory as the framework for the phenomenological research design. The narratives were created by 18 informants: 14 PWDs who had received loans, 2 Social Welfare Officers by virtue of their positions, and 2 Community Development Officers involved in direct loan disbursement. The final sample size was determined by the principle of data saturation, which guided the narrative development. Data analysis was conducted using themes extracted from verbatim excerpts. A set of meanings was created, accompanied by narratives for each group, to establish the essence of lived experience. The findings demonstrate the inadequacy of institutional enforcement (i.e., Laws, rules, and regulations) in supporting PWDs' access to funds. Furthermore, the study reveals that PWDs can form groups as a condition for accessing funds; however, the lack of timely, accurate information to make informed decisions is the major barrier. The study concludes that the challenges the PwDs face are largely socially constructed and perpetuated by institutions through the enforcement of policies that disadvantage them. Conclusively, ending poverty and leaving no PwDs behind would depend on policymakers formulating strategies that foster an inclusive financial environment for PwDs, end discrimination in all forms, and establish regular process evaluations to enhance the overall accessibility and effectiveness of soft-loan lending.
Copyright (c) 2026 Doreen N. Tefurukwa, Oscar W. Tefurukwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring basic school teachers’ implementation of national values and social and emotional learning (SEL) in Ghana: A case study of Cape Coast basic schools
This study explored how basic school teachers in Cape Coast, Ghana, conceptualize and implement national values and Social and Emotional Learning (SEL) within the Standards-Based Curriculum. The study adopted a qualitative case study design and purposively selected 10 teachers from five public basic schools across the OLA and Aboom Circuits of the Cape Coast Metropolis. Data were generated through a semi-structured interview guide and structured non-participant observation and analysed using Braun and Clarke's (2022) thematic analysis framework. The study found that basic school teachers in Cape Coast conceptualize national values primarily in behavioural and disciplinary measures rather than as civic ideals requiring deliberate moral reasoning. Their understanding of SEL was largely intuitive and experience-driven, with most teachers unable to ground their practice in any formal framework. Critically, the majority conflated national values and SEL, treating them as interchangeable constructs, which undermined the intentionality that effective implementation demands. In practice, both constructs were enacted incidentally, woven into routine classroom activities without explicit learning objectives. Classroom management and discipline served as the dominant vehicle for values education, while assessment remained informal, undocumented, and unsystematic. At the contextual level, large class sizes, curriculum coverage pressures, inadequate professional development, and inconsistent institutional support collectively constrained meaningful implementation, leaving it heavily dependent on individual teacher initiative. The study concludes that a fundamental misalignment exists between curriculum intent and classroom enactment, attributable to conceptual ambiguity and insufficient pedagogical guidance. It recommends sustained, practice-oriented professional development, development of context-specific instructional and assessment tools, active school leadership involvement, and structural improvements in classroom conditions to bridge the gap between policy expectations and implementation realities.
Copyright (c) 2026 Emmanuel Boateng, Nana Abena Kyem Ampomah, Sakina Afrakoma, Justice Abakah-Korsah, Dr. Francis Tabiri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0