SCIENCE MUNDI (Multidisciplinary Universal Nucleus for Dissemination of Innovation and Research in the Sciences), is a dynamic and diverse peer-reviewed journal at the forefront of scientific inquiry. A journal under AJER Publishing, our mission is to expedite the dissemination of groundbreaking research across a wide spectrum of social, pure, and applied science disciplines. We pride ourselves on upholding the highest standards of academic rigor, with all submissions rigorously evaluated through a double-blind peer review process. Accepted articles are promptly published under an open-access model, ensuring that the fruits of scholarly exploration are accessible to all. Our criteria for publication include a demonstration of originality, a solid scientific foundation, and relevance to the existing body of literature. At Science Mundi, we have an ongoing commitment to the global scientific community. We invite submissions on a rolling basis, with accepted manuscripts featured in our current biannual issue. Our publication format is exclusively electronic, available in PDF form. Each published work is furnished with a unique Document Object Identifier (DOI) for easy citation and retrieval. Furthermore, we take pride in ensuring that our content is promptly indexed for maximal visibility and accessibility.
The Zambia crisis management and resilience model (Z-CMRM): Developing and validating a context-specific framework for sustainable tourism resilience
The absence of context-specific, empirically grounded crisis management models for tourism in sub-Saharan Africa has been identified as a primary constraint on sectoral resilience in the region. Existing frameworks, predominantly derived from developed-economy tourism contexts, fail to account for the distinctive vulnerabilities, institutional realities, and resource constraints that characterise tourism crisis management in developing countries. This study presents the development, empirical validation, and implementation design of the Zambia Crisis Management and Resilience Model (Z-CMRM), a holistic, five-component framework for sustainable tourism resilience grounded in mixed-methods evidence from 137 stakeholders selected through stratified purposive sampling across government institutions, private sector operators, community-based organisations, and tourists in Zambia's major tourism regions. The Z-CMRM comprises five interdependent components: (1) integrated information and early warning systems; (2) preparedness and institutional capacity building; (3) crisis response and coordination protocols; (4) recovery and business continuity frameworks; and (5) mitigation, sustainability, and long-term resilience. The model is structured across three implementation phases — institutional foundation (years 1–2), capacity building (years 2–4), and systems integration (years 4–7) — designed to progressively close the 1.60-point awareness–preparedness gap documented in the empirical analysis. Empirical validation draws on four-construct quantitative analysis (crisis awareness M = 4.58; resilience building M = 3.97; preparedness capacity M = 2.98; policy governance M = 2.88), qualitative thematic analysis identifying fragmentation, resource constraints, and policy implementation failures as primary structural challenges, and tourist demand-side analysis confirming strong preference alignment with the model's sustainability pillars. The Z-CMRM represents both a theoretical contribution to tourism crisis management literature and a policy-relevant implementation roadmap for Zambia's tourism sector governance. This study recommended that the Ministry of Tourism and Arts should formally adopt the Z-CMRM as Zambia's National Tourism Crisis Management Framework through a ministerial directive or Cabinet memorandum, providing the political mandate necessary for cross-institutional coordination.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bruce Ernest, Norman Kachamba, Chaste Nsama https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Evaluating the impact of information and communication technology (ICT) integration on teaching and learning in Mufindi district secondary schools: Common aspects, available resources, achievements, and challenges
The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the impact of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) integration in teaching and learning in Mufindi District secondary schools, focusing on the common aspects, available resources, achievements, and challenges. While the government promotes the integration of ICT into education, there has been no clear documentation of its success over the years. The study was guided by the goal-setting theory (GST) and constructivism learning theory (CLT). A qualitative approach was employed in this study, using in-depth interviews, focus group discussions, observations, and documentary analysis as methods of data collection, with a sample of 163 respondents drawn from Tanzania, specifically Mufindi District in the southern part of Tanzania. A study was conducted in ten (10) schools in Mufindi District: five (5) government and five (5) private schools. Content analysis was used to analyse data collected in this study. Results showed that the level of ICT integration in teaching and learning in secondary schools was low due to a lack of supporting resources, limited ICT knowledge and skills among teachers, poor management support, and a lack of motivation. The result of this study has a direct impact on various education stakeholders, including policymakers, education managers, school owners, teachers, the government, and all education development partners. The aim is to raise awareness on the effectiveness of ICT integration in teaching and learning in secondary schools. The study suggests that appropriate actions should be undertaken by educational policymakers and other relevant personnel to address this issue in the school system.
Copyright (c) 2026 Titus Tossy https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Exploring factors affecting students’ oral presentation skills in Tanzania higher education: The case of the Tanzania Institute of Accountancy
Oral presentation skills are among critical competencies in higher education and in the labour market. Despite the importance of these skills, students in many higher education institutions struggle with effective oral presentations. Social cognitive theory anchored this study. This study used a qualitative approach to explore factors that affect students’ oral presentation skills at the Tanzania Institute of Accountancy (TIA). The Institute has a total of 11,365 undergraduate students. The study used an interpretivist paradigm and a case study design to achieve the research objective. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 23 undergraduate students who were selected purposively. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed five major themes that influence students’ oral presentation skills. They include English language proficiency; psychological barriers, including anxiety and low self-confidence; pedagogical and assessment methods; limited exposure to structural presentation; as well as environmental and peer-related factors. The study highlights how important the interplay between linguistic competence, emotional readiness, and institutional support is. The findings inform curricular reform, pedagogical redesign, and institutional interventions aimed at strengthening communication competency of students in Tanzanian higher education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Masau Rugembe Malyango https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Language of instruction and learning effectiveness in Tanzania higher education: Undergraduate students’ perceptions of English - The case of Tanzania Institute of Accountancy
Language of instruction is an important predictor of learning effectiveness, especially in a multilingual context like Tanzania, where Kiswahili dominates in day-to-day communication and English is widely used as a medium of instruction in secondary and higher education. This study examined perceptions of undergraduate students on the use of English as a medium of instruction and its effect on learning effectiveness. The Tanzania Institute of Accountancy (TIA), Dar es Salaam Campus, was used as a case study. The study was guided by Cummins’ linguistic interdependence hypothesis and Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory. The campus had a total of 11, 365 undergraduate students. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from a total of 179 undergraduate students who were obtained using a simple random sampling technique. Reliability analysis of the instrument showed a Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.87, which indicates strong internal consistency. Descriptive statistics were used to test for frequencies, median, and standard deviation. Inferential statistics was also used to test for correlation and regression. Learning effectiveness was operationalized through comprehension, participation, confidence, and academic performance. The findings revealed high perceptions of MOI (M = 3.68, SD = 0.81) and positive ratings across learning effectiveness indicators, which are comprehension (M = 3.74), participation (M = 3.59), confidence (M = 3.63), and academic performance (M = 3.71). Moreover, MOI was found to have significant positive correlations with academic performance (r = .66), comprehension (r = .62), participation (r = .55), and confidence (r = .58) (p < .01). Regression analysis indicated that MOI significantly predicted learning effectiveness (β = .69, p < .001), explaining 48% of its variance (R² = .48). The study concludes that English as MOI significantly influences all the four predictors of learning effectiveness. It further recommends strengthening academic language support mechanisms to students in higher education and reviewing policy to enhance learning effectiveness in Tanzanian higher education institutions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Josephat Dougras Bukuku https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Antecedents of job performance among employees in the Colleges of Education in Ghana: Does training and development matter?
Even though there are several factors that influence the performance of educational staff, training and development remains a crucial and paramount factor that influence employees’ performance. This study investigated the impact of training and development programmes on job performance among employees in Colleges of Education in Ghana. This study was grounded in the human capital theory. Using a quantitative research approach through a descriptive cross-sectional survey design. The population for the study comprised over 5,000 employees across all the Colleges of Education in Ghana. Krejcie and Morgan’s sample size determination table was used in determining the sample size of 381 employees across various roles and demographics, using a self-developed and adapted questionnaire. The research focused on identifying specific training needs, evaluating the effectiveness of different training methods, assessing employee satisfaction with existing programmes, determining the perceived level of organizational support for training and determining the impact of various training types on job performance. Frequencies and percentages were used to analyse the demographic information of respondents. Means and standard deviations were used to analyse the data to answer research questions one to four. Correlation analysis, as well as, multiple regression analysis was used to examine the impact of diverse training and development factors on job performance. The findings revealed that training in pedagogical skills and professional ethics was outstanding because they had the most significant positive influence on job performance. Online courses were perceived as the most effective training method, followed closely by workshops and seminars. Employee satisfaction with training programmes was generally positive, particularly in terms of trainer expertise and content relevance, although the frequency of training opportunities received lower satisfaction ratings. The study emphasized the importance of organizational support in facilitating the application of newly acquired skills. It is therefore recommended that Management of the Colleges of Education should prioritize pedagogical and ethical training, diversify training methods, increase training frequency, and enhance organizational support for skill acquisition and application.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Kweku Anhwere, Gabriel Kwasi Aboagye, Emmanuel Quayson, Hannah Wiafe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Design and performance evaluation of biochar biofilters for industrial wastewater treatment
The use of biochar biofilters as a sustainable solution for industrial water remediation has become popular. This review presents a summary of existing works on the use of biochar filters for industrial effluent. Factors like design, hydraulic performance, and mechanical durability have been explored. For filter design, key reactor parameters like empty bed contact time (EBCT), hydraulic load ratio (HLR), bed depth, and media configuration were reviewed. The parameters were found to have a significant effect on pressure drop, clogging mechanisms, and backwash requirements. Similarly, the mechanical properties of biochar media, like density, hardness, and attrition resistance, were affected by head loss, media lifespan, and regeneration capability. Case studies like textile pharmaceutical industries and stormwater effluents revealed reductions in colour, heavy metals, and refractory organics. Practical design workframes are provided for scaling systems from laboratory columns to pilot and full-scale levels. EBCT-based sizing, media selection, parallel module operation, and breakthrough monitoring are emphasized for multiscale designs. Regeneration techniques were evaluated in relation to lifecycle durability and end-of-life handling. It was shown that biochar biofilters are suitable for effluent polishing with appropriate hydraulic design, especially when EBCT exceeds 15 minutes. The main remaining challenges that were identified are the control of long-term fouling, standardization of filter-grade biochar, and balancing adsorption capacity with permeability. In future studies, automated fouling control, standardized specifications for filter-grade biochar, and composite media designs that balance adsorption efficiency with hydraulic permeability should be explored.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eng. David Masara, Dr. Peter Cherop, Dr. Emmanuel Osore, Dr. Henry Barasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effects of monetary policy mechanisms on investment decisions of MSMEs in Lusaka, Zambia
This study examined the effects of monetary policy on the investment decisions of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) in Lusaka. The theoretical foundation of this study was based on the interest-rate (Keynesian) channel, Credit Channel Theory, and Financial Accelerator Theory. A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative analysis with qualitative insights from business owners. The target population was 48,078 SMES operating in Lusaka, and the study utilized a sample of 100 participants. Data for quantitative analysis were collected from 100 MSMEs across various sectors. A total of 25 participants were interviewed for qualitative analysis. The regression results showed that the policy interest rate has a significant negative effect on MSME investment (β = −0.45, p = 0.001), suggesting that higher borrowing costs discourage capital investment. In contrast, access to bank loans (β = 0.41, p < 0.001), liquidity provision (β = 0.32, p = 0.024), and firm financial position (β = 0.29, p = 0.001) positively influence investment decisions. Sectoral analysis further revealed that interest rate increases affect sectors differently. Manufacturing firms appeared more sensitive, with 90% (27 out of 30) reporting negative effects from rising interest rates, followed by the retail sector (80%) and the services sector (64%), reflecting differences in capital intensity and reliance on external financing. Qualitative insights highlight challenges, including limited access to affordable credit, low awareness of monetary policy changes, and institutional barriers to financial support. Based on these findings, the study recommends that policymakers should implement monetary policies that are MSME-sensitive, promote alternative financing mechanisms, improve financial literacy, and enhance coordination between monetary and fiscal policies to improve MSME access to finance and support sustainable investment growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Michael Chipili Chileshe https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Cost management capability and financial sustainability of private schools in Lusaka Province, Zambia
Cost management capability, defined as the organisational ability to plan, monitor, control, and strategically reduce operational costs without compromising educational quality, is a fundamental determinant of institutional financial sustainability. Yet its specific effects on private schools in Zambia have not previously been empirically investigated. This study examines the impact of cost management capability on the financial sustainability of private schools in Lusaka Province, Zambia. Grounded in the Tuckman and Chang alongside financial vulnerability model and Bowman's financial capacity framework, the study employed an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design (QUAN→qual). Quantitative data were collected from 272 valid survey questionnaire responses drawn from school owners, principals, bursars, and accountants at 594 registered private primary and secondary schools across the six districts of Lusaka Province, using two-stage stratified random sampling guided by Yamane's formula. Qualitative data were gathered through 15 purposively selected semi-structured telephone interviews conducted to theoretical saturation. A Financial Sustainability Index (FSI) was computed using Principal Component Analysis, with a mean FSI of 0.53 (SD = 0.202) reflecting moderate financial fragility across the sector. Cost management capability items recorded consistently low mean scores, ranging from 1.68 to 1.77 on the five-point Likert scale, reflecting significant deficits in cost management practices across the sector. Exploratory Factor Analysis confirmed a strong single-factor structure (KMO = 0.941; chi-square = 1,580.00; p < .001; eigenvalue = 5.26; variance explained = 75.16%). Pearson correlation analysis, supported by bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrap estimation with 5,000 resamples, revealed a moderate-to-strong, statistically significant positive relationship between cost management capability and the FSI (r = 0.550; p < .001; BCa 95% CI: 0.41–0.69), making it the second strongest predictor of financial sustainability after revenue diversification. Multiple regression analysis confirmed cost management capability as a significant and independent predictor of financial sustainability (R² = 0.41; F(7,264) = 25.99; p < .001). Moderation analysis revealed that market competition significantly and positively moderated the cost management–financial sustainability relationship, while regulatory intensity had a marginally significant positive moderating effect. Qualitative findings strongly corroborated these results, with participants from more financially stable schools consistently identifying regular budget monitoring, quarterly operational expenditure reviews, strategic cost reduction initiatives, and proactive spending controls as the practices most closely associated with improved financial sustainability outcomes. The study concludes that cost management capability is a critical and significantly underutilised financial sustainability lever in Zambia's private school sector, and that systematic investment in cost management capacity is urgently required across the sector. This study recommends that private school administrators should prioritise the establishment of basic cost management infrastructure as an immediate and high-priority financial sustainability intervention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lusungu Anne Kumwenda, Lubinda Haabazoka, Harrison Daka https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Human resources governance structures and practices in Zambian quasi-governmental organisations: A qualitative inquiry
Human resource governance refers to the structures, roles, rules, and oversight processes through which organisations direct and control human resource management. This paper examines the current status of HR governance structures and practices in quasi-governmental organisations in Zambia. Anchored primarily in the resource-based view and complemented by institutional theory and behavioural contingency theory, the study adopted an interpretivist multiple-case study design. The target population comprised the most senior HR practitioners in quasi-governmental organisations in Zambia, and purposive sampling produced a final sample of 11 participants drawn from 11 organisations. Data were collected through semi-structured in-depth interviews and analysed thematically using Braun and Clarke's six-phase framework. The findings reveal substantial variation in governance effectiveness, with statutory design, board composition, and the presence or absence of HR expertise at the governance level shaping the quality of oversight. Although all organisations maintained formal HR policy frameworks, implementation was inconsistent and strategic alignment remained weak. The study concludes that formal structures alone are insufficient and recommends legislative and institutional reforms that strengthen HR representation at the governance level, reinforce implementation systems, and professionalise HR practice in quasi-governmental organisations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Siakalima, Austin Mwange, Francis Simui https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Effective use of management information systems for monitoring education projects: Evaluating determinants among secondary school workers in the City Council of Dodoma, Tanzania
This paper evaluates the determinants of effective management information systems (MIS) for monitoring education projects in the City Council of Dodoma, with a specific focus on secondary school workers, including Education Officers, Ward Education Officers, ICT Officers, head teachers, and teachers. While the study was guided by Resource-Based Theory (RBT) and Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the study adopted a cross-sectional research design. The target population comprised 1673 people involved in school data management, including statisticians, heads of public secondary schools, ward education officers, and the district educational officer in the City Council of Dodoma. The study used simple random sampling techniques. Data were collected from a sample of 323 respondents from school statisticians, heads of public secondary schools, Ward Education officers, ICT officers, Statistics and Logistics officers, City education officers, and teachers, using semi-structured interviews, focus group discussions, and questionnaires. The collected data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and thematic analysis. On the issue of Extent of Use of MIS in the Monitoring of Education Projects, the study found that MIS is used in various ways including Data collection and distribution of educational resources, resource management, including Tracking and Utilization of Resources, supports decision-making processes, used as a tool for generating reports, facilitated school management operations, helps to monitor projects and programs and contribute to improved data quality. Also, the study found that MIS Users’ Related Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of MIS for Monitoring of Education Projects, such as User training, User involvement and support, User Motivation, System Usability, Level of Commitment, and Time to Fill MIS. Finally, the study identified MIS-related factors influencing the Effectiveness of MIS for monitoring education projects, including Data Security and Privacy, data timeliness, Data Quality, System Integration, and stakeholder engagement. The study concludes that Management Information Systems (MIS) play a crucial role in monitoring and evaluating education projects. MIS helps track progress, analyze data, manage resources, and support decision-making. By providing accurate and timely information, MIS can improve the efficiency and effectiveness of education projects. It is essential for project managers and education stakeholders to recognize the importance of MIS in ensuring the success of education initiatives. The study recommends that the Department of Secondary Education in Dodoma City Council, in collaboration with the President's Office, the Regional and Local Government Authorities, should provide comprehensive and ongoing training for users of the MIS system to ensure they fully understand how to utilize it effectively for monitoring education projects. This training should cover not only the technical aspects of the system but also how it can be used to gather and analyze data for decision-making.
Understanding teacher retention challenges in East Kenya Union Conference SDA Secondary Schools in Kenya
Teacher retention remains a critical challenge in both public and private education systems, particularly in faith-based institutions where spiritual mission intersects with employment conditions. This study examined the determinants of teacher retention in Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools in Kenya, focusing on school administration, socio-economic status of schools, motivational strategies, wage administration, and religious commitment. The study adopted a concurrent mixed-methods research design, where quantitative data were collected through structured questionnaires and qualitative data were obtained through interviews, observations, and document analysis. The target population included principals, education directors, Board of Management chairpersons, and teachers across selected SDA secondary schools in Kenya. Findings indicate that teacher retention is influenced by a combination of institutional and intrinsic factors. School administration moderately supports retention through participatory decision-making and policy clarity, although limited career development opportunities constrain its effectiveness. Socio-economic challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, limited teaching resources, and poor staff welfare conditions negatively affect retention. Motivational strategies are inconsistently applied, with weak recognition systems and limited professional development opportunities, although some schools provide basic welfare support. Wage administration presents concerns related to salary delays and policy inconsistencies. Notably, religious commitment emerged as the strongest determinant of retention, with teachers viewing their work as a divine calling and a form of ministry, which enhances their resilience and long-term commitment.The study concludes that while structural and economic factors remain important, intrinsic religious motivation plays a dominant role in sustaining teacher retention in SDA secondary schools. It recommends strengthening administrative support systems, improving working conditions, standardizing motivational practices, and ensuring fair wage administration while maintaining the strong spiritual foundation of Adventist education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shadrack Kamundi, Tabitha Gituriandu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Fintech, financial inclusion, and entrepreneurship outcomes for women, youth, and MSMEs: Pathways, evidence, and policy priorities
This paper examines the role of FinTech in expanding financial access and, critically, whether this access translates into improved entrepreneurship outcomes for women, youth, and micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs). Digital financial services have expanded rapidly across developing economies, yet current financial inclusion efforts remain disproportionately focused on access metrics rather than on meaningful enterprise outcomes such as improved resilience, productivity, and growth. This paper develops a mechanisms-based framework organised around four FinTech rails: digital payments and mobile money, digital credit, digital savings, and interoperability and data platforms. For each rail, the paper traces the channels through which improved inclusion quality affects entrepreneurship outcomes, including transaction cost reduction, enhanced risk sharing, smoother working capital, improved supplier and customer relations, and better investment screening. Four theoretical frameworks are relevant to the FinTech-to-inclusion-to-entrepreneurship pathway. Transaction cost economics, Information economics, Risk-sharing theory and theory of inclusive finance and digital adoption. Drawing on a structured narrative synthesis of peer-reviewed empirical studies, primarily from Sub-Saharan Africa, the paper finds that the most robust and consistent impacts of FinTech are on resilience and risk sharing, while productivity and growth effects are heterogeneous and conditional on infrastructure quality, market structure, and the financial and digital capabilities of entrepreneurs. The paper also identifies systemic risks associated with rapid FinTech scaling, including over-indebtedness, digital fraud, market concentration, and persistent digital divides that disproportionately affect women and youth. Based on this analysis, five evidence-grounded policy recommendations are advanced covering interoperable payment systems, proportionate digital credit regulation, gender- and youth-responsive onboarding, integrated capability building, and outcome-based monitoring frameworks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Windu Matoka, Austin Mwange, Kampamba Clarence Chibesa, Bwalya Katuta, Kabwalwa Chilyata https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Health facility factors associated with targeted postnatal care implementation in health facilities across Kakamega County, Western Kenya
The postnatal period is a critical window for reducing maternal and neonatal morbidity and mortality; however, the quality and completeness of postnatal care remain suboptimal in many low- and middle-income countries. Targeted postnatal care (TPNC), as recommended by the World Health Organization, emphasizes structured, timely, and comprehensive interventions for both the mother and newborn. Despite increased facility-based deliveries in Kenya, gaps persist in the implementation of recommended postnatal care interventions, particularly at the facility level. This study aimed to assess facility factors influencing the implementation of TPNC in selected health facilities in Kakamega County, Kenya. A descriptive and analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 160 midwives in selected public health facilities. Data were collected using structured interviewer-administered questionnaires and facility assessment checklists. Quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS version 25. Descriptive statistics summarized facility characteristics and levels of TPNC implementation, while linear regression analysis was used to determine the influence of facility-level factors. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. The results showed that facility capacity factors significantly influenced TPNC implementation (F(7,2)=27.36, p=0.038, R²=0.99). Availability of essential equipment, drugs, and supplies (B=0.58, p=0.026), as well as capacity for laboratory services (B=0.48, p=0.014), were positively associated with improved implementation. Similarly, management and staffing factors significantly predicted TPNC implementation (F(9,150)=14.67, p<0.0001, R²=0.467), with the number of midwives providing services (B=7.14, p=0.001) and supportive supervision with feedback (B=5.50, p=0.003) emerging as key determinants. It was concluded that high workload and space inadequacy were not statistically significant predictors. This study recommended that strengthening health facility capacity through improved resource allocation, workforce optimization, and enhanced supervision mechanisms is essential to improve adherence to postnatal care guidelines and maternal–newborn outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ruth Shitabule https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determinants and predictive model of student retention in Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools in East Kenya Union Conference
Student retention remains a critical challenge in faith-based secondary schools despite the integration of academic and spiritual formation programs. This study examined the determinants and predictive model of student retention in Seventh-day Adventist secondary schools in Kenya. Specifically, it assessed the influence of school administration, religious commitment, motivational strategies, and financial assistance on students’ intention to remain in school and developed a predictive model of retention. A descriptive and correlational research design was adopted. Data were collected from 335 students using structured questionnaires. Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses were employed to determine relationships and predictive power of the independent variables. Findings from the correlation analysis revealed that all predictors had positive and statistically significant relationships with students’ intention to remain in school: school administration (r = 0.630, p < 0.01), religious commitment (r = 0.460, p < 0.01), motivational strategies (r = 0.390, p < 0.01), and financial assistance (r = 0.243, p < 0.01). Regression results indicated that school administration and religious commitment were the strongest predictors of student retention, jointly explaining 42.2% of the variance in intention to remain (R² = 0.422, Adjusted R² = 0.419). The final predictive model showed that improvements in school administration and religious commitment significantly increase students’ intention to remain in school. The study concludes that institutional leadership and spiritual environment are the most influential determinants of student retention in SDA secondary schools in Kenya. It recommends strengthening participatory school governance, improving student-centered administrative practices, and enhancing structured spiritual engagement programs to improve retention outcomes.
Copyright (c) 2026 Shadrack Kamundi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Phosphorus use efficiency and genotype × environment interactions in four elite soybean genotypes in Kenya
The constraint of low soil phosphorus (P) availability is a significant aspect that affects the production of soybean in sub-Saharan Africa, especially soils that are highly weathered and where the fixation of P restricts access to nutrients in the soils. In the study, the phosphorus use efficiency (PUE) and genotype x environment interaction (GEI) among four elite soybean genotypes (Gazelle, Blackhawk, SB 08, and SB 19) were measured under three phosphorus levels (0, 30, and 50 kg P ha -1) and across phosphorus-deficient environments in western Kenya. PUE assessment was carried out in a split-plot randomized complete block design and to assess GEI in terms of agronomic characteristics such as grain yield, total biomass, and accumulation of phosphorus, multi-environment trials were conducted at three phosphorus deficient locations. The analysis of variance indicated that the effects of phosphorus level were highly significant (p < 0.001) on these characteristics, but the effects of genotype and genotype x phosphorus interactions were not significant, implying that the limitation of nutrients concealed genetic differences suggesting that increased phosphorus availability is necessary before genotypic differences can be fully expressed. The gain in grain yield and biomass was observed to be steady with exposure to phosphorus, evidencing the prevailing role phosphorus supply played in improving crop performance. Genotypic yield differences were not significant, but the yield index, phosphorus efficiency indices, and PCA indicated that underlying physiological strategies included SB 19, which had high phosphorus utilization efficiency, Gazelle, which had high phosphorus uptake and partitioning, and SB 08 that had a balanced response. The environment and genotype × environment interaction (p < 0.05) passed significant to generate the grain yield, time to maturity, days to 50% flowering and the other agronomic traits, whereas environment was considered to explain the most significant part of the variation. AMMI and GGE biplots showed that there were crossover interactions, meaning that there was no best genotype in all the environments. SB 08 was found to be the most stable with AMMI Stability Value, and SB 19 was a mixture of moderate stability and high phosphorus utilization efficiency. The findings illustrate that the output of soybean in phosphorous-deficient systems is mostly determined by the availability of nutrients but the environmental circumstances have strong effects on the genotype performance of soybean. It shows the significance of combining phosphorus regulation with the choice of effective and resilient genotypes to improve productivity and functionality of low-input agriculture.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mubuni Francis, M’mbone M. Everlyne, Akundabweni S. Levi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Collapse of human sovereignty in Laszlo Kransznahorkai’s novel war and war
This study examines the collapse of human sovereignty due to human dependency on machines in Kransznahorkai’s novel War and War. This paper claims the degeneration of anthropocentrism and the rise of machine-controlled sovereignty due to the influences of externally cloud-stored information. Designed on the qualitative research approach, it applies Nancy Katherine Hayles and Donna Haraway’s posthumanism to analyze and interpret the way the world is shifting from anthropocentric values to digital influence. The analysis deduces that experiences of war and disorder are recurrent. An AI-ruled social and psychological environment generates its human mental collapse. Linguistic fragmentation, temporal collision, and a dehumanizing world discover a manuscript which the main character plans to transcribe into the archive. The ultimate mission is to save the manuscript. So, he imagines his movement to New York as a center in which to transcribe the work in the archive for immortality. The craving of the main character Gyorgi Korin’s to save the manuscript to cloud space is to let the public know that war, disorder, and moral crisis are recurrent in the world. Thus, this study infers the shifting value of humans oscillating from a human-centric world to a machine-ruled world Reliance on machines weakens human intelligence and ultimately takes control over them.
Copyright (c) 2026 Bishnu Prasad Pokharel, Sultana Banu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The impact of social media on Ghanaian youth’s perception of cultural and moral values
This study explores the impact of social media on Ghanaian youths’ perceptions of cultural and moral values within a rapidly globalizing digital environment. The research is grounded in social learning theory, cultural imperialism theory, uses and gratifications theory, and cultivation theory, which collectively explain how digital exposure shapes behavior, identity, and value systems. Adopting a mixed-methods research design, the study integrates both quantitative and qualitative approaches to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon. The target population consisted of Ghanaian youth aged 15 to 30 from diverse socio-economic and educational backgrounds. A sample of 400 respondents was selected using a multi-stage sampling technique to ensure representativeness. Data were collected through structured questionnaires and focus group discussions, allowing for the triangulation of statistical trends and lived experiences. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical tools, while qualitative data was examined through thematic analysis. The findings reveal that social media plays a dual role in shaping cultural and moral values. On the one hand, it facilitates cultural exchange, promotes learning, enhances creativity, and supports the development of hybrid identities that blend local and global influences. On the other hand, it introduces moral ambiguity, weakens certain traditional norms, and exposes youth to conflicting value systems, often reinforced through peer validation and algorithm-driven content. The study further identifies family background, peer influence, and individual agency as critical mediating factors that shape how young people interpret and respond to digital content. Importantly, the results demonstrate that Ghanaian youth are active agents who critically engage with social media rather than passive recipients of its influence. The study concludes that the impact of social media is complex, dynamic, and deeply embedded in broader socio-cultural contexts. It recommends the integration of digital literacy and ethical education into school curricula, the promotion of culturally grounded digital content, strengthened parental involvement, and the development of balanced regulatory policies. These interventions are essential for encouraging responsible social media use while safeguarding cultural identity and fostering positive moral development among Ghanaian youth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mwinkom Francis Xavier Kabir, Konadu Adam, Twene Kofi Charles, Twene Kingsford Samuel, Asante Gordon https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
On commuting graphs obtained from classes of completely primary finite rings
We study the commuting graph G(R) of a finite non-commutative ring R, where vertices are the non-central elements and edges connect distinct commuting elements. The focus is on the class C of completely primary (finite local) rings R for which the Jacobson radical J satisfies J^3 = 0 and J^2 is contained in Z(R), that is, J^2 is central, while the residue field R/J is the prime field Fp. For every R in C, we prove that R is a CC-ring, meaning that the centralizer of each non-central element is commutative. Consequently, G(R) is a disjoint union of cliques. Let d = dimFp(J) and e = dimFp(J^2). We show that a non-commutative ring exists only when d = e + 2, in which case G(R) consists of N = p + 1 cliques, each of size m = p^(e+1)(p - 1). Using this decomposition, we compute several graph invariants. In particular, the spectrum is integral, the energy is given by E = 2(p^(d+1) - p^(e+1) - p - 1), and the genus satisfies gamma = N.gamma(Km). We further characterize planarity and prove that G(R) is planar if and only if (p,e) = (2,1). Additional invariants are also determined, including the metric dimension beta = N(m - 1), clique number omega = m, chromatic number chi = m, independence number alpha = N, and domination number gamma_d = N. The theory is illustrated using the family UT3(Fp) of 3 x 3 upper triangular matrices with constant diagonal, yielding d = 3, e = 1, N = p + 1, and m = p^2(p - 1). In particular, G(UT3(F2)) is shown to consist of three disjoint copies of K4. Comparisons with known classifications of rings of orders p^4 and p^5 confirm the validity of the obtained formulas.
Copyright (c) 2026 Eliud Mmasi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Socio-economic factors influencing the acquisition of title deeds among residents in regularised areas of Dodoma City, Tanzania
Acquisition of title deeds is the right of residents who own land in regularised areas. Having title deeds ensures the security of property tenure and increases the value of land. The majority of residents at Miyuji ward succeeded in acquiring their title deeds. This study examined social and economic factors influencing acquisition of title deeds among residents in regularised areas at Miyuji ward in Dodoma city. Miyuji ward comprises three mitaas, which are: Kwa Mathias regularised by Wise Plan Company, Miyuji Proper regularised by Independent Planners Company, and the last is Mpamaa regularised by Our Plan Company. Land titling theory guided this study. This study employed the cross-sectional research design. Simple random sampling was used to obtain 153 residents (who acquired and did not acquire title deeds). Also, the purposive sampling technique was used to select the town planner, the chairperson of Mtaa, and a land committee member as key informants. The interview method through questionnaires was used to collect data from residents. Quantitative data were analysed using IBM-SPSS version 27 computer programme in which inferential statistics (binary logistic regression) and descriptive statistics (frequencies, percentages, and mean) were employed. The study found that land conflicts, awareness of the benefits of title deeds, owning more than two land plots, commercial uses of land, access to credit, price value of land, and income of residents were statistically significant with a p-value < 0.05 in influencing acquisition of title deeds among residents in regularised areas. More than half of the residents acquired title deeds in regularised areas of Dodoma city, which is not common in other regularised areas, especially in Mbeya, Dar es Salaam, Songwe, and Kigoma, and thus can be used as a reference for learning. This implies that regularisation interventions have brought positive changes in Dodoma city. The study recommends that local leaders, such as Mtaa Executive Officers and Ward Executive Officers, should not only oversee regularization but also proactively initiate educational programs to inform and encourage residents who have not yet acquired title deeds to acquire them.
Copyright (c) 2026 George F. Kagenda, Irene Reginald, Emanuel Amon Kikwale https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The influence of prudential regulatory requirements on the financial stability of Tanzanian commercial banks
This study examines the influence of prudential regulatory requirements on the financial stability of listed commercial banks in Tanzania. The study was guided by the financial intermediation theory, emphasizing the role played by financial institutions in reducing transaction costs as well as managing risks and improving the efficiency of operations. Using panel data analysis, the study focuses on three key regulatory measures, capital adequacy, liquidity, and asset quality requirements, while also considering bank-specific characteristics such as size and age. Using quarterly panel data for seven listed commercial banks for nine years, the study employs generalized least squares (GLS) to estimate the relationship between prudential indicators and financial stability. The results reveal that both capital adequacy and liquidity requirements have significant negative effects on financial stability, suggesting that in a developing financial system like Tanzania’s, these rules may impose costs that erode profitability and reduce resilience. Asset quality requirements show a positive but statistically insignificant effect, indicating weak enforcement or delayed impact on stability. The study reveals that larger and older banks exhibit greater stability, underscoring the significance of scale and experience in fostering resilience. These findings underscore the need for context-specific prudential frameworks that balance regulatory safeguards with the realities of local banking markets, ensuring that compliance enhances rather than undermines stability. The study provides important policy insights for regulators and bank managers seeking to strengthen the Tanzanian financial system in line with both domestic needs and international standards. Specifically, there is a need for Tanzania’s prudential regulation to be more context-specific and proportionate by adopting flexible, countercyclical capital and liquidity frameworks and strengthening enforcement of asset quality and risk management so that oversight enhances long-term financial stability without undermining efficiency and growth.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lusekelo Kasongwa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Socio-economic implications of internet shutdown in Tanzania
Internet shutdowns are measures taken by a government or on its behalf to intentionally disrupt access to digital communication channels, primarily driven by political and national security concerns. Governments put internet shutdowns in place by ordering internet service providers to disrupt their services. This study examines the socio-economic implications of the internet shutdown in Tanzania with particular reference to the Tanzanian countrywide shutdown in the 2025 general elections through the lenses of Network Society Theory, which posits that information flows are the primary drivers of productivity, social interaction, and governance in contemporary societies. The study evaluated the economic, governance, and human rights implications of digital disruptions by drawing on secondary data from academic literature, reports by civil society groups, news media, and international agencies. Data were collected through a systematic literature search conducted between 2020 and 2025. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the data collected, and this involved an organisation of each finding with systematic coding and categorization of findings across the sources. The findings reveal that the five-day shutdown during the election period and long-term ban on the social media platform X (previously called Twitter) resulted in direct economic losses exceeding 238 million dollars, affecting internet banking transactions, e-commerce, microenterprises dependent on online markets, and logistics. In addition to the economic expenses, the shutdown weakened transparency of elections, citizen participation, and media and civil society supervision, which emphasized the infringement of the main human rights: the freedom of expression, access to information, and social connectivity. The research also demonstrates that internet restriction driven by political agendas can undermine the confidence of the citizens, create social instabilities, and destroy democratic states. The study concludes that internet shutdowns undermine digital transformation efforts and socio-economic development in emerging economies. It recommends policy interventions promoting legislative protection, digital rights, and resilient infrastructure to mitigate future disruptions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vicent Jonas https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Financial development and economic growth: Evidence from emerging South Asian economies
The research examines the relationship between financial development and economic growth in the South Asia region for both long- and short-term aspects, as well as the impact of globalization. We used panel data from seven South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) members: Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, for the period 1980–2023. For the data and our empirical research, we used World Bank sources. In our research, we employed three robust methods: OLS, FMOLS and DOLS for cointegration analysis, and System-GMM for dynamics. There exists a robust and positive long-term relationship. A unit increase in financial development correlates with a subsequent 0.40 to 0.43 percentage point rise in GDP growth. Financial institutions have a greater impact than financial markets, with a beta value of approximately 0.10. Long-term cointegration exists, with growth being driven solely by financial development in one direction. Globalization further enhances this effect by about 22%, although inflation has a slightly negative effect. The study concludes that financial development is a key driver of growth in South Asia, particularly via formal financial institutions and in more globally integrated economies. Policy recommendations are made to enhance financial institutions and access to credit, promote digital financial inclusion, and deepen regional and global economic integration. Such regulatory reforms and investments in fintech infrastructure will modernize the financial system and further sustainable and inclusive growth in the region. Countries in South Asia would benefit from developing their financial institutions, expanding credit, improving financial inclusion, and further expanding both global and regional links to maximize the potential benefits that can be derived from financial development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Yadav Mani Upadhyaya, Shiva Raj Ghimire; Lal Bahadur Oli https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Brand Switching Behavior among Internet Service Users: Investigation of Mediating Effect of Switching Intention
This paper aims to investigate the brand-switching behavior among internet service users by assessing the mediating effect of switching intention in Kathmandu, Nepal. The switching behavior of service users relies on diverse factors, which reveals inconsistent evidence. Thus, this research attempts to discover the existing research gap. This research is theoretically grounded on the idea of planned behavior. This research employed a descriptive and explanatory research design. Moreover, a total of 385 useful primary sources of data were collected using the judgmental sampling techniques and disseminating a structured questionnaire consisting of a five-point Likert scale. Further, data were analyzed with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings of the study revealed an adverse influence of service failure on brand-switching behavior. Additionally, switching cost and switching intention positively influence brand-switching behavior among internet service users. Similarly, service encounters, stagnation, and switching costs are favorably inclined with the brand-switching intention of consumers. This evidence concludes that a strategic move of an internet service provider could enhance favorable behavior among the service users by managing service failure and service costs to stabilize the switching behavior among service users. Thus, these findings establish a benchmark for the business executive to drive the organization towards a sustainable path by enhancing the understanding of the market scenario and simultaneously offering evidence for research scholars. Furthermore, this research recommended that internet service providers embrace better service standards to prevent switching behavior of clients strategically and provide equal attention to adopt a cost leadership approach, which ultimately helps retain clients, eliminating prospective challenges of switching behavior.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rita Subedi, Padam Bahadur Lama, Sanjay Rajbhandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Reinterpreting African oral traditions: Insights from the digital storytelling in Tinga Tinga Tales
The article explores the transformation of African oral storytelling through digital media, with a focus on ‘Tinga Tinga’ Tales. The purpose is to highlight how digital platforms enhance narrative delivery by integrating visual, auditory, and performative elements that surpass the limitations of written texts. Using the principles of multimodal theory, the study critically analyses the effectiveness of visual storytelling in engaging children, preserving cultural heritage, and expanding audience reach across linguistic and geographic boundaries. Through an in-depth textual analysis, the findings reveal and emphasize the role of animation, dialogue, music, and character voice in creating immersive, multi-voiced narratives that foster imagination and emotional connection. Significantly, the article addresses how digital media democratizes access to African folktales, making them accessible to non-literate audiences and global viewers, thereby diversifying and revitalizing Africa’s rich oral traditions in the digital age.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lencer Achieng Ndede https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Opportunities and strategies in integrating ICT in secondary schools: The case of Kibaha District, Tanzania
Technology is revolutionising education through interactive, student-centered learning that fosters collaboration, critical thinking, and information access. This study seeks to investigate possibilities and strategic measures for effective ICT integration in secondary schools in Kibaha District. The study is theoretically underpinned by a constructivist perspective that emphasises the active nature of knowledge construction and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which focuses on perceived usefulness and ease of use in technology adoption. The study employed a descriptive survey design and a mixed-method approach, engaging school heads, teachers, and students through purposive sampling. A total of 113 participants were involved, including three school leaders, 15 teachers, and 95 students. All selected students and teachers completed questionnaires, while interviews were conducted with the three school heads. Questionnaires were used as the primary method of quantitative data collection. Furthermore, this study obtained qualitative data from interviews and classroom observations. The analysis of data was done using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. The results indicated that the ICT enhances teacher-student interaction, lesson preparation, critical thinking, understanding, and student engagement. Some of the identified strategic approaches for facilitating integration included teacher training, improving infrastructure, increasing internet access, and collaborating with the community. Moreover, the study provides evidence for utilising human capital, institutional resources, and ICT facilities to improve teaching and learning. The study recommends continuous teacher training, improved ICT infrastructure, stronger school–community support, and sustained funding to enhance ICT integration.
Copyright (c) 2026 Jacquiline M. Ndanu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The influence of behavioural finance biases on individual investment decisions: Evidence from the Dar es Salaam stock exchange, Tanzania
This study examined the influence of behavioral biases on investment decisions among individual investors at the Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange (DSE) in Tanzania. Recognizing that many investors rely on psychological tendencies rather than systematic financial analysis, the research focused on overconfidence, availability, and self-attribution biases. This study applies four key theories: Prospect Theory, Heuristics and Biases Theory, Self-Attribution Theory, and Behavioural Finance Theory to analyze how overconfidence bias, availability bias, and self-attribution bias affect the investment decisions of individual investors in Tanzania. A quantitative cross-sectional design was employed, and data were collected from 396 investors using structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression to assess the impact of these biases on investment decision-making. The findings revealed that self-attribution bias had the strongest positive influence on investment decision-making (β = 0.379, p < 0.001), followed closely by availability bias (β = 0.377, p < 0.001). Overconfidence bias, also showed a positive but weaker effect (β = 0.086, p = 0.036). The model explained 45.1% of the variance in investment decision-making (R² = 0.451), indicating that nearly half of investors’ choices could be attributed to these behavioural biases. These results suggest that investors who overestimate their skills, rely on readily available information, or attribute success to personal ability while externalizing failure are more prone to making biased investment decisions. The study concludes that behavioural biases play a significant role in shaping investment behaviour in Tanzania’s retail stock market. It recommends strengthening financial literacy programs, integrating behavioural finance principles into investment education, and providing advisory services that help investors recognize and mitigate cognitive biases. Such measures can enhance rational decision-making, reduce the risks associated with biased trading, and contribute to sustainable market efficiency and stability in Tanzania’s capital markets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Nelisa F. Koilyenda, Cosmas S. Mbogela https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determinants of career choice intentions among business education students in a Ghanaian university: Leveraging the theory of planned behaviour
This study identified the factors that influence the career choice intentions among business education students. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) anchored this study. The study employed the cross-sectional survey design. A sample of 318 business education students was determined for the study using Adam's (2020) sample size determination table. A multi-stage sampling procedure was employed to select the respondents. A self-developed questionnaire was used to gather relevant data. The data collected was processed using Jamovi software (version 2.3.28) and analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency counts, percentages, means and standard deviations) and inferential statistics (correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis). The study found that the relationship between the independent variables (attitude of business education students towards career choice intentions, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control) and dependent variable (business education students’ career choice intentions) is very strong, high and positive. 45.70% of the variation in business education students’ career choice intentions is explained and accounted for by the predictors as the independent variables. In addition, gender does not influence business education students’ career choice intentions. The study concluded that positive attitudes toward teaching enhance students’ interest and commitment to an education career. Students are motivated by supportive social environments and the approval of important people in their lives when forming career intentions. The confidence in their abilities, preparedness, and perceived access to career opportunities determines their career intentions. Furthermore, male and female business education students demonstrated a comparable level of interest, motivation, and commitment toward teaching-related careers, suggesting a level of gender neutrality in the decision-making process for career choices within education. The study recommended that universities and colleges should integrate structured career development modules into the curriculum. These modules should focus on helping students assess their attitudes, strengths, and interests in relation to careers in education, while also building confidence in their professional capabilities. Embedding career planning workshops and mentorship programmes with experienced mentors can further enhance students' perceived behavioural control by strengthening their self-efficacy and readiness for their preferred careers.
Copyright (c) 2026 Daniel Kweku Anhwere, Emmanuel Quayson, Sayibu Abdul-Gafaar, Harriette Nursrat Manu https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Climate finance and sustainable banking in Tanzania (2020-2024): Emerging roles of AI, mitigation strategies and regulatory developments - a literature review
Despite the growing importance of implementing climate finance and mitigation strategies within Tanzania’s banking sector, particularly regarding the emerging role of Artificial Intelligence (AI), the supporting regulatory frameworks remain under-researched and insufficiently documented. This paper reviewed the state of climate finance and mitigation strategies, including the application of AI within the banking sector from 2020 to 2024. The study adopted a qualitative approach by synthesizing data from a comprehensive literature review that included published annual reports from 44 licensed banks in Tanzania (2020–2024), as well as grey literature such as policy documents, regulatory guidelines, and global development reports. The analysis is theoretically grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) for AI adoption and institutional theory for regulatory and isomorphic pressure, providing a structured lens for evaluating sustainable banking practices. The findings indicate that there is a shift in the banking sector, with Tier 1 banks leading in green finance product innovation and AI-driven risk assessment, while mid-tier institutions focus on digital infrastructure and compliance. The banking sector in Tanzania, especially CRDB Bank and NMB Bank, is making a lot of progress in climate finance. CRDB Bank has secured substantial Green Climate Fund (GCF) financing for climate-resilient agriculture and has also launched a Green Bond Initiative (USD 300 million). On the other hand, NMB Bank has committed significantly to sustainability strategies and climate actions. The bank launched Jamii Bond (TZS 400 billion) in 2023. Additionally, these efforts are supported by regulatory guidelines developed by the Bank of Tanzania (BoT), which promotes and guides the incorporation of climate-related financial risks into banking operations. Despite the progress achieved, a finance mobilization gap remains, as only 3.6% of targeted climate finance was achieved by 2020, and the projected funding gap of USD 60–70 billion is anticipated by 2025, highlighting both challenges and opportunities for AI integration in bridging these gaps. The paper concludes that the Tanzanian banking sector plays a crucial role in supporting climate change financing and mitigation strategies. For this role to be effectively enhanced, capacity building in AI and climate finance analysis and innovative product development and strategic partnership are very essential to mobilize and access domestic and international resources. Improve transparency, and foster AI-driven climate-resilient growth for sustainable development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Magreth Kulwa Emmanuel https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The Supreme Being in Oguaa Fante religious thought and its implications for religious and moral education in Ghana
The Fante from Oguaa of Ghana, as African people are religious and have an experience of the Supreme Being that can impact teaching. This paper examined the conception of the Supreme Being in Oguaa religious thought and explored its implications for spiritual and moral education in Ghana. Using a qualitative design, interpretative phenomenological analysis, and narrative methods, data were collected from traditional priests, court historians, and some elderly community members in Oguaa. The findings show that the Oguaa Fante conceive of the Supreme Being as creator, sustainer, moral authority, and relational “Great friend” expressed through indigenous names as Onyame, Onyankɔrpɔn, and Ɔdomankoma. Although seventy-seven deities are recognised and accepted as intermediaries, the belief system is best described as henotheistic rather than polytheistic. The paper argues that these indigenous theological insights provide culturally grounded resources for teaching religious, moral formation, and interfaith understanding in Religious and Moral Education (RME) in Ghana. It is recommended that RME teachers use culturally responsive pedagogies should integrate regional names, proverbs, maxims, and stories to enhance learner engagement and curriculum relevance. This will help the learners to accept the values and the religious system of the indigenous African.
Copyright (c) 2026 Leo Andoh Korsah, Isaac Obiri Ampem https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mathematical analysis of the impact of work, culture and relationships on mental well-being of women
Mental well-being of women is a multifaceted outcome shaped by the complex interplay of psychosocial factors. This study develops a compartmental dynamic model using a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations to quantify the interactions between work-related stress, cultural pressure, relationship satisfaction and mental health. The model is analyzed to establish the positivity and boundedness of solutions, ensuring biological feasibility. Analytical results identify two equilibrium states: a Disease-Free Equilibrium (DFE), representing the absence of mental health strain, and an Endemic Equilibrium (EE), representing a persistent state of mental health challenges. The basic reproduction number, R₀ = η/ξ, is derived, serving as a threshold parameter. When R₀ < 1, the DFE is both locally and globally asymptotically stable, indicating that mental well-being can be naturally restored. Conversely, when R₀ > 1, the EE becomes stable, signifying the sustained prevalence of mental health burdens. Sensitivity analysis identifies the mental health recovery rate (ξ) and the relationship growth rate (η) as the most influential parameters. Numerical simulations corroborate the analytical findings, demonstrating that work stress and cultural pressure exert significant negative impacts on mental health, whereas high-quality relationships provide a substantial protective and restorative effect. The study proposes targeted interventions such as workload management, cultural norm shifting, and strengthening relationship support systems to effectively promote and safeguard women’s mental well-being.
Copyright (c) 2026 Brenda Achieng Onyango, Samwel Apima Bong’ang’a https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Determinants of maize smallholder farmers’ choice to sell their maize to the National Food Reserve Agency (NFRA) in Kalambo District, Tanzania
Maize farming represents one of the most valuable staple foods worldwide. However, smallholder maize farmers are constrained by many factors to effectively participate in the market activities. The study examines the factors influencing smallholder maize farmers' decision to sell their produce to NFRA in Kalambo District, Tanzania. The study employed a cross-sectional study design and used a questionnaire for gathering data. Quantitative data were collected from 395 respondents, while qualitative data were collected from 5 Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) and 10 Key Informant Interviews (KIIs). Quantitative data were entered into IBM-SPSS version 25 and thereafter analyzed descriptively and through a binary logistic regression model. Qualitative data were analyzed using thematic content analysis with a constant comparison. The research found that age, sex, land size, maize farming experience, and maize market information were significant determinants at the p<0.05 significance level. The study revealed that smallholder decisions to sell their maize to NFRA are significantly influenced by farmers' socio-economic characteristics and market factors. This supports the claim by transaction cost theory that socio-economic characteristics and market factors influence smallholder farmers' participation in the market. This implies that market access is not a neutral, automatic process but rather a complex outcome driven by a farmer's individual, household, and institutional constraints. It means that simply producing a crop does not guarantee participation, and that the ability to sell surplus is heavily determined by factors like education, land ownership, infrastructure, and access to information. The study recommends policy interventions addressing access to land for maize farming and improved maize market information. It is also recommended that gender-sensitive approaches should be used in order to increase female participation in maize market activities. The government and other interested parties should avail smallholder maize farmers with market information.
Copyright (c) 2026 Elimeleck P. Akyoo, Hassanal Issaya https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
From paper to digital in a resource-limited setting: A case study of Zimbabwe's health administration system and e-health strategy
The implementation of the e-Health Strategy (2021–2025) for Zimbabwe has been critically reviewed and has been treated as a paradigm for transitioning from paper-based administration to digital health. This study was guided by the Technological, Organizational, and Environmental (TOE) framework and the Diffusion of Innovations (DOI) theory. This study employed a qualitative case study method, which included data collected through a documentary review of several primary resources, such as Health Management Information System (HMIS) reports (2020–2023) and official Ministry of Health and Child Care (MoHCC) publications, as well as secondary sources like peer-reviewed journals and reports from the World Health Organization (WHO) and International Telecommunication Union (ITU) (2019–2024). Thematic content analysis, based on the Technological, Organizational, and Environmental (TOE) framework, was used to identify achievements, systemic barriers, and implementation gaps. The findings indicate that Zimbabwe has made significant progress towards the centralization of health data by ensuring 95% facility reporting and reducing delays in reporting from 90 days to less than 15. Various targeted digital interventions with e-TB and FP/HIV tracking tools have enabled patient monitoring and medication adherence. For example, considering that across-the-board challenges still exist due to uneven technological infrastructure, fragmented and non-interoperable systems, poor human resource capacity, and donor funding only, one example is the cold-chain breakdown. Comparative evidence from regional and global contexts supports the notion that a sustainable scale-up of digital health may be achieved only by combining our approaches to technology, workforce development, interoperability, and domestic funding. The study concludes that while Zimbabwe has made exciting progress, systemic, organizational, and environmental barriers need to be overcome if it is ever to achieve a strongly established, sustainable, and equitable national digital health setting. Thus, the study recommends that legislators should adopt an all-encompassing approach that synthesizes technological, organizational, and environmental perspectives. From a technological perspective, the government should prioritize providing Internet and power infrastructure that is widely accessible anywhere by all, particularly in the rural districts, and also enforce the interoperability standards in order to reduce fragmentation in the system. Organizationally, there should be sustained investment in digital literacy training, mentorship programs, and the recruitment of dedicated ICT personnel for the district and provincial levels so as to bolster system adoption and promotion of seamless workflow integration. There should also be enactment of policies to either subsidize or provide completely free data services and connectivity tools to the health facilities and front-line workers. Another important recommendation is consideration of the incorporation of change management strategies, incentives for adoption, and aligning donor-supported activities with priorities on the national level so as to achieve the development of a resilient system that can be applied and scaled in a flexible way to bring equitable health outcomes simultaneously to the urban and rural populations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Professor Lubinda Haabazoka, Matipedza Lole https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
The adoption of e-learning as a remote teaching and learning methodology in Tanzanian higher education institutions: Academic staff attitudes and main challenges
This paper examines the implementation of e-learning as a remote pedagogical approach in Tanzanian higher education institutions and evaluates their readiness to adopt it as a comprehensive educational strategy. Various academic institutions are implementing a comprehensive e-learning system for instruction and education. The survey aimed to assess academics' willingness to embrace e-learning. The investigation assessed readiness by examining the study's objectives, which focused on academic staff's satisfaction with the shift and the challenges they faced during the adoption process. The Technology Acceptable Model guided the research. The research employed a mixed-methods case study, integrating qualitative and quantitative methods. While the research used purposive sampling, 260 respondents participated. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected concurrently, processed in SPSS and Excel independently, and the results were integrated into the study's summary and discussion. The study revealed that the academic staff at Tanzanian universities were prepared to adopt e-learning as a pedagogical approach. The study identified infrastructure limitations, such as network service providers and ongoing outages, that hinder access to electricity. Full-scale E-learning was once deemed to be unsuitable for teaching and learning. This study shows TU can overcome e-learning's barriers to adoption and implementation. Research showed the school is ready for e-learning. Though unrelated to the study, this technology's infrastructure worried me. The report suggests that TU accelerate the adoption of e-learning as a full teaching and learning approach. All colleges can roll out. The study's findings affect the institution's strategic teams, requiring improved controls for remote student evaluation during e-learning exams. Finally, university administration may use this study to inspire academics and improve technology-enhanced teaching and learning.
Mapping the intellectual landscape of green economy and sustainable finance: A bibliometric analysis (2014–2024)
This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis of scholarly research on green economy and sustainable finance from 2014 to 2024. Drawing upon a dataset of 692 peer-reviewed publications indexed in Scopus and analysed using the Bibliometrix R package, the study maps the field’s intellectual landscape, thematic development, and collaborative networks. The findings reveal a consistent increase in scientific output, with a pronounced surge in publications after 2018. This growth trend aligns with global policy milestones such as the Paris Agreement, the European Union [EU] Sustainable Finance Action Plan, and the proliferation of Environmental, Social, and Governance [ESG] integration and green bonds. China emerges as the most productive country, while institutions such as Jiangsu University, the Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, and the Lebanese American University lead in publication volume and collaboration intensity. Keyword co-occurrence and thematic mapping identify dominant themes related to green finance, environmental sustainability, ESG frameworks, and renewable energy, alongside emerging topics like climate risk disclosure and transition finance. Conceptual and co-word network analyses further reveal the interdisciplinary integration of finance, economics, policy, and environmental science. The study also demonstrates the growing decentralization of institutional influence and the rise of both North–South and South–South collaborations. These findings offer valuable insights into the evolving structure of research in sustainable finance and inform future academic inquiry and policy development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Stephen Bishibura Erick, Bonamax Mbasa, Kulwa Mang’ana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Global black soldier fly bioconversion for organic waste and climate change mitigation: A systematic review
Organic waste management represents a systemic sustainability challenge within linear production–consumption regimes. Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) bioconversion has emerged as a bio-based pathway capable of simultaneously reducing waste volumes and generating value-added outputs. This systematic review synthesizes 156 studies (2010–2025) using PRISMA-guided methods and integrates meta-analysis with thematic analysis. Results indicate significantly lower greenhouse gas emissions compared to landfilling, composting, and incineration (Hedges’ g = −2.84; 95% CI: −3.21 to −2.47), despite high heterogeneity (I² = 78.4%). Mean waste reduction reached 82.3%, with strong scale effects in economic performance. Regulatory fragmentation remains a structural constraint. Situated within circular economy and industrial ecology frameworks, these findings suggest that BSF systems function as context-dependent mechanisms for material recirculation and bio-based substitution. Their contribution to circular bioeconomy transitions depends on regulatory harmonization, methodological standardization, and locally embedded implementation strategies.
Copyright (c) 2026 Stephen Bishibura Erick, Twalibu Bella, Bonamax Mbasa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0